Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was first identified as Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or MIC-1.[5]
| GDF15 |
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| Identifiers |
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| Aliases | GDF15, GDF-15, MIC-1, MIC1, NAG-1, PDF, PLAB, PTGFB, growth differentiation factor 15, TGF-PL |
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| External IDs | OMIM: 605312 MGI: 1346047 HomoloGene: 3576 GeneCards: GDF15 |
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| Gene location (Human) |
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 | | Chr. | Chromosome 19 (human)[1] |
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| | Band | 19p13.11 | Start | 18,374,731 bp[1] |
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| End | 18,389,176 bp[1] |
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| Gene location (Mouse) |
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 | | Chr. | Chromosome 8 (mouse)[2] |
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| | Band | 8|8 B3.3 | Start | 70,629,393 bp[2] |
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| End | 70,632,456 bp[2] |
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| RNA expression pattern |
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 | | More reference expression data |
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| Gene ontology |
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| Molecular function | • transforming growth factor beta receptor binding
• growth factor activity
• GO:0001948 protein binding
• cytokine activity
• protein homodimerization activity
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| Cellular component | • extracellular region
• extracellular exosome
• cell nucleus
• cytoplasm
• extracellular
• Golgi apparatus
• collagen-containing extracellular matrix
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| Biological process | • regulation of apoptotic process
• cell-cell signaling
• positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation
• positive regulation of myoblast fusion
• regulation of MAPK cascade
• transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
• cell development
• signal transduction
• BMP signaling pathway
• SMAD protein signal transduction
• regulation of receptor activity
• activation of MAPK activity
• reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess
• glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway
• negative regulation of multicellular organism growth
• positive regulation of MAPK cascade
• positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling
• negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway
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| Sources:Amigo / QuickGO |
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| Orthologs |
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| Species | Human | Mouse |
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| Entrez | | |
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| Ensembl | | |
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| UniProt | | |
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| RefSeq (mRNA) | | |
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| RefSeq (protein) | | |
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| Location (UCSC) | Chr 19: 18.37 – 18.39 Mb | Chr 8: 70.63 – 70.63 Mb |
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| PubMed search | [3] | [4] |
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| Wikidata |
| View/Edit Human | View/Edit Mouse |
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It is a protein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. Under normal conditions, GDF-15 is expressed in low concentrations in most organs and upregulated because of injury of organs such as such as liver, kidney, heart and lung.[6][7][8]
The function of GDF-15 is not fully cleared but it seems to have a role in regulating inflammatory pathways and to be involved in regulating apoptosis, cell repair and cell growth, which are biological processes observed in cardiovascular and neoplastic disorders.[6][9][10] GDF-15 has shown to be a strong prognostic protein in patients with different diseases such as heart diseases and cancer.[11]
Metformin was shown to cause increased levels of GDF-15. This increase mediates the effect of body weight loss by metformin.[12]
A monoclonal antibody (mAB1) that neutralizes circulating GDF-15 is being tested in mice and non-human primates as a potential treatment for cancer-related cachexia.[13]
